I learned to light an LED with an Arduino microcontroller, which is the simplest operation. However, I would like to know more, not only how the microcontroller turns on the LED, but also how the LED and that resistor we connect together work
This is a problem with many technology courses that aim to teach electronics using a microcontroller. The focus is the microcontroller and not the components that are connected to it. They forget that everything that the microcontroller controls and the circuits with which it interfaces with sensors have components that need to be known. That is why we say that before going to the microcontroller it is necessary to know the components and simple circuits which is the focus of Basic Electronics and Analog Electronics. Knowing them you can create and understand your microcontrolled circuits yourself.